Relationship Between Sex And Gender Essay - 1660 Words

The distinction of gender from came from the move away from biological determinism and conservative antifeminist politics. The meaning of gender will continue to develop and will continue becoming more fluid with time. Introduction The sex and gender distinction is an idea that has been rethought as recently as the 1970’s, with input from academics such as Ann Oakley and John Money. In this essay I will be discussing how biological determinism assisted in the development of the term gender, and the distinction there is between sex and gender. I will highlight the new definitions of sex and gender, while drawing upon works from sociologists and academics including Judith Butler, Simone de Beauvoir and Erving Goffman. I will be discussing the transition the sex/gender distinction has gone through, what this means for gender continuing to develop and how this will affect the social world we live in today. Defining Sex and Gender Sex and gender have not always had a distinction between the two definitions, both typically have meant in the past your sex and that was always believed to determine your gender and there was nothing really outside that binary. This is because of biological determinism, which will be covered latter in the essay. But in more recent times, there has been a more significant distinction placed between the two words sex and gender and their meanings. When defining sex it is typically defined as the biological state of ones body including genitalia,Show MoreRelatedRelationship Between Sex And Gender2402 Words   |  10 PagesSex and gender throughout history have been used interchangeably. A man was simply a male, a woman was simply a female. It was a simplistic system that simply ignored anyone that fell outside the traditional gender binary. In this essay, I will discuss the relationship between sex and gender by exploring the psychosexual development theories of Sigmund Freud that see ks to explain how women and men develop gender roles. To Freud, a man is born a male and develops his masculinities from a struggleRead MoreRelationship Between Sex and Gender Essay2321 Words   |  10 Pageswomen’s roles have changed so much that there is no longer any difference.† The relationship that exists between gender and sex has been the root cause of global gender movements and issues that exists in the contemporary world. The representation of masculinity and femininity is humanly constructed and sets the stage for social expectation. Social institutions are designed to cater for the desired gender role that is based on the foundations of traditional social norms. Norms changeRead MoreRelationship Between Biological Sex And Gender Communication917 Words   |  4 PagesI believe to understand the relationship between biological sex and gender communication we must first understand what each of these are. Biological sex is a designation based on biology, whereas gender is socially and psychologically constructed according to Gendered lives chapter 1. Sex and Gender are paired so that most men are masculine and most women are feminine. A person is designated male or female based on external and internal sex organs. The physical forms such as ovaries, penis, clitorisRead MoreRelationship Between Food, Sex And Gender Related? Essay2081 Words   |  9 Pagesdrink), sex and gender related? Introduction: According to McAllister (2006) food and drink â€Å"must be viewed as part of a broader social and cultural context† (p. 281) in order to understand the anthropological and sociological meanings of food and drink within society. This essay will apply an anthropological and sociological lens to explore the relationship between food, sex and gender. It utilises examples from anthropological and sociological literature to further explain the relationship betweenRead MoreEssay about Women and Men Are Made, Not Born987 Words   |  4 Pagesof complex social processes. Beauvoir’s statement suggests that gender roles and behaviour are not inherent and that social positioning should not be determined by sex. This essay will begin by drawing a distinction between sex and gender, and will then discuss two arguments that explore the origins of gender difference; social construction theory as implied by Beauvoir’s statement, and the biological determinist position. Gender refers to the socially constructed categories of ‘masculine’ andRead MoreGender, Sexual, And Gender862 Words   |  4 Pagesthe terms ‘gender’ and ‘sex’. However, each of these terms are used interchangeably and therefore incorrectly. We are born, assigned a sex, and sent out into the world. For many people, this is cause for little, if any conflict. However biological sex and gender are contrasting; gender is not inherently nor solely connected to an individual’s physical anatomy. Even so, one’s biological gender or ‘sex’ is determined at birth through physical attributes, including external genitalia, sex chromosomesRead MoreThe Debate Over Single Sex Schools958 Words   |  4 PagesThe debate over single-sex schools Single-sex schools are becoming more common. According to some religion reasons, several countries such as Saudi Arabia only have single-sex schools. However, the effect and rationality of single-sex schools are an ongoing controversy, that being debated in a worldwide range. In this essay, the cases for and against single-sex education will be discussed. This essay will firstly present some positive impacts of single-sex schools, including an increase in students’Read MoreWhy are Mixed Schools a Better Option?672 Words   |  3 PagesSingle sex school is a major problem that we face in our modern world it has advantages and well as disadvantages. Why mixed schools is better than single one?. There are many reasons to prove that idea. This essay talks about why mixed schools is better than single one with evidences and supports. This essay supports the idea of why this is a negative impacts on the society. Some people saw that single one is better and they have their points o f view and their opinions. They also saw it improvesRead MoreWhy Gay Men And Gay Couples Should Be Legal944 Words   |  4 Pagescontroversies have been witnessed concerning the issues of gender and sexuality. For example, the US government has issued directives regarding the legality of same-sex relationships. Several states in America have legalized homosexuality while the others have remained adamant to accept such sexual orientations. Same-sex and transgender couples have been facing prejudice, discrimination, and hatred from the general public that supports heterosexual relationships. However, the legitimacy of any form of sexualityRead MoreMonotheistic religions, especially Judaism, Christianity, and Islam promote the belief in One God;1600 Words   |  7 Pagesand excellence that is revealed to us by God. These religions are taught based upon both scripture and reason. When reading traditional texts, the tools of reason and social sciences are required. However, dilemmas ar ise when there is inconsistency between reason and scripture. Some believe that is we side with reason, we betray God. Others believe that if we side with traditional scripture, we betray God’s self in creation. Throughout this course, we have gained knowledge on traditional and contemporary

The Ganges River Indias Ancient Culture And Civilization

The Ganges River, which is popularly known by its own Hindu name—Ganga, is the symbol of India’s ancient culture and civilization. This river is the most sacred river in Hinduism. People believe that taking a dip into the water of the Ganges will purify their souls from all committed sins in the past, so they can go to heaven. The Ganges River flows from the top of the southern side of the Himalayas in the state of Uttarakhand. In the article, â€Å"Ganges River,† the author Jay Yett says, â€Å"The Ganges River flows about 2,500 kilometers across the Gangetic Plain and through a coastal delta in Bangladesh to empty into the Bay of Bengal.† Not only does it provide water to India, but also to Bangladesh. The major cities that rely on the water of the Ganges are Varanasi, Kolkata, Haridwar, Allahabad, Patna, Kanpur, and Ghazipur. Today, this river is one of the most polluted rivers in the world. According to the article, Metal and Pesticide Pollution Scenar io in Ganga River System, Srikanta Samanta reports that there has been a huge increase in pollution compared to the 9,000 tons in 2009. Since then, she reveals that approximately 22,000 tons of pesticides have been pumped into the river basin (Samanta 355). Each year, thousands of bodies are cremated on the banks of the river, with many being disposed of directly into the river. Furthermore, unwanted babies (i.e, unwanted girl children), cattle, and other animal bodies are also dumped into the river. Observers can say that theShow MoreRelatedAncient Indi The Ancient Indian Civilization1369 Words   |  6 PagesKevin Maxim Mr. Ball 8th Grade Social Studies E Block 6 November 2015 Ancient India The ancient Indians were highly influenced by the Ganges river, in fact that was one of the reasons they stayed around so long. This river gave them fertile soil, and also played a big role in their religious practices. The ancient Indian civilization lasted from 3300 BC to 1500 BC. (Kokila) Ancient India had very broad social pyramid requirements and the classes were servants, farmers, warriors and king, and theRead MoreGeography Of The Indus River1660 Words   |  7 PagesBarrett, Emily Period 6 4/30/15 Geography The Indus River is located on the northwestern part of the sub-continent with other rivers draining into it. Another river called the Ganges River was east of the Indus River. The climate was tropical and contained seasonal winds called monsoons. Monsoons during the winter were dry and went from land to the sea, letting little rain fall on the land. During summer monsoons wet winds go from ocean to land bringing rain with it. The mountainRead MoreThe Holy River of India-River Ganges9512 Words   |  39 PagesThe Ganga, especially, is the river of India, beloved of her people, round which are intertwined her memories, her hopes and fears, her songs of triumph, her victories and her defeats. She has been a symbol of Indias age-long culture and civilization, ever changing, ever flowing, and yet ever the same Ganga. - Jawaharlal Nehru, First Prime Minister of India, born in Allahabad on the Ganges Ganges (Hindi Ganga), major river of the Indian subcontinent, formed in the southern ranges of the HimalayaRead MoreIndian History1899 Words   |  8 Pagesa continuous civilization since 2500 B.C., when the inhabitants of the Indus River valley developed an urban culture based on commerce and sustained by agricultural trade. This civilization declined around 1500 B.C., probably due to ecological changes. During the second millennium B.C., pastoral, Aryan-speaking tribes migrated from the northwest into the subcontinent. As they settled in the middle Ganges River valley, they adapted to antecedent cultures. The political map of ancient and medievalRead MoreThe Discovery of India5368 Words   |  22 Pagesscholars who have published elaborate studies in the field of Indian history have called the book as a classic. Jawaharlal Nehru in his work has narrated in this book India’s rich and complex past from the prehistoric times to the final years of colonial rule in India. Nehru begins his account from the beginning of the Indus Valley Civilization and outlines the country’s geography before introducing the native tribes. The highlights of the book are Nehru’s own readings of the Indian epics, rituals, andRead MoreThe Birth of Civilization18947 Words   |  76 Pages1 The Birth of Civilization Mohenjo-Daro Figure. Scholars believe this limestone statue from about 2500 B.C.E. depicts a king or a priest from Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus valley in present-day Pakistan. Does this figure seem to emphasize the features of a particular person or the attributes of a particular role? Hear the Audio for Chapter 1 at www.myhistorylab.com CRAIMC01_xxxii-031hr2.qxp 2/17/11 3:22 PM Page xxxii EARLY HUMANS AND THEIR CULTURE page 1 WHY IS â€Å"culture† considered a definingRead MoreOrigin of Hindu Religion2457 Words   |  10 Pagesand pilgrimages 4.2.1 Initiation 5 Sixteen sanskars (rituals) 6 Notes 7 References [edit]Etymology The word Hindu is the Persian name of the Indus River (Sanskrit Sindhu), which flows in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent.[3] The Persian term was further loaned into Arabic as Al-Hind referring to the land of the people who live across river Indus, and into Greek as Indos, whence ultimately English India.[4] By the 13th century, the Persian loanword HindustÄ n emerged as a popular alternativeRead MoreOrigin of Hindu Religion2468 Words   |  10 Pagespilgrimages 4.2.1 Initiation 5 Sixteen sanskars (rituals) 6 Notes 7 References [edit]Etymology The word Hindu is the Persian name of the Indus River (Sanskrit Sindhu), which flows in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent.[3] The Persian term was further loaned into Arabic as Al-Hind referring to the land of the people who live across river Indus, and into Greek as Indos, whence ultimately English India.[4] By the 13th century, the Persian loanword HindustÄ n emerged as a popular alternativeRead MoreIncredible India3330 Words   |  14 PagesINCREDIBLE INDIA [pic] TABLE OF CONTENTS ⠝â€" Introduction ⠝â€" Facts and figures ⠝â€" Population of India ⠝â€" History of India ⠝â€" Culture and people ⠝â€" Geography ⠝â€" Environment of India ⠝â€" Name of many cities of India ⠝â€" Language ⠝â€" National symbol of India ⠝â€" Festivals of India ⠝â€" Holidays of India ⠝â€" Religion demography ⠝â€" Tourist place of India ⠝â€" Famous people of India ⠝â€" Hindi movies ⠝â€" Music ⠝â€" Food of India ⠝â€" Conclusion IntroductionRead MoreEthnic Tourism Essence of India7906 Words   |  32 Pagesmankind and perpetuated aspirations to decipher a world beyond this world. India has dominated the world stage through most of human history, as the home of mighty empires, as a powerful trading nation, and as a wellspring of culture and civilization. India, the land of culture and heritage.. Tourism in India has shown a phenomenal growth from its distant past. Today, Indian tourism offer array of tourist destination that attracts travelers from all over the world. India, the land mighty mountains

Technolgy and Bullying Free Essays

Technology and Bullying BY beverage Thesis Statement Cyber Bullying is the modern way to bully. Cyber Bullying is a growing issue in America. Cyber Bullying affects both genders and all culture groups. We will write a custom essay sample on Technolgy and Bullying or any similar topic only for you Order Now Due to the onset of suicides and homicides America is taking a stand against cyber bullying. Introduction/Body Peer to peer bullying has been going on for quite some time. My mother use to tell me â€Å"sticks and stones may break your bones, but names will never hurt me† . Even then I am not sure that I totally agreed with her. Now as an adult In today’s society, I am sure I do not agree. The times have changed since new technology has made it possible for young people to bully one another without even having to be face to face. Teens often turn devices into â€Å"weapons† through the use of social networking websites, chat rooms and text messaging Just to name a few. Through these devices they call each other names, belittle, video and threaten kids to in some cases the point of suicide. Since the onset of Cyber Bullying a word named cybercafà © has been created to depict the epidemic of suicides related to Cyber Bullying (Belles 2004). Element of he Pew Internet and American Life Survey in 2006 stated that girls are more likely to be cyber bullied then boys. Element further stated that girls between the ages of 15-17 years old are at the most risk of cyber bullying. Lastly Element found that 50% of all social network users have been cyber bullied and as little as 10% have report the crime to their parents. Wesley Fryer of the Texas Computer Associations describes cyber buying as impersonating and constant blobbing of a person. Fryer further states that most cyber bullies have no idea the harm the they are doing a simple parent intervention old stop the bullying without further intervention. Fryer further states the massive media attention and strict penalties of repeater offenders of Cyber Bullying is sure to restore trust in the online community pertaining to adolescents. In conclusion the evidence shows that cyber bulling is a problem which needs to be addressed by the parent and the public at large to be deterred. I believe it’s important to be educated about Cyber Belling because it will help deter bullying from happening, it will also show bullies Just what reactions they are causing to the victims notionally, and will show kids who are being bullied that it is k to talk to an adult about it. How to cite Technolgy and Bullying, Papers

Political Leadership and Collective Goods †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Political Leadership and Collective Goods. Answer: Introduction This reflective report discusses the concepts of leadership along with leadership theories and models. It also shows the self-awareness tools such as MBIT and SWOT that is significant to evaluate the personality of an individual. This report presents the suggestion for future development. In last, it discusses the action plan to improve the weaknesses. I increased my leadership skills to my last workplace where I worked as a leader. I also understood that team leader can inspire the team member through motivation and addressing the feasible tools. I learned that a leader can refine vision which is implied by each member of the team individually and collectively to have ownership. In the current period, I worked as a leader wherein I analyzed my short coming. I will acknowledge to my weakness where needed. I will positively influence team member to perform activities on behalf of my orders. I also work on my issues that will need at the time of performing as a leader in the team. As well, I also support to my team member to do the same. I gained my knowledge about the ways to motivate the team members by using example and excitement. It is because, in case, leader fully aware of responsibilities then it can sometimes easier to obtain the effective result. I also gain my knowledge about leadership concepts it will support to increase my self-awareness. I understood that leadership is an authority of control the group about the accomplishments of a specified goal. Furthermore, I analyzed that leadership can be determined as a procedure where one person holds the supremacy to lead team member for attaining the objectives determined by the team or company (Shapiro, et al., 2016). A leader can be a person that inspires the other and lead the performance as well as behaviors of other. I also analyzed that instruction of leaders are followed by other due to their influencing personality. A leader can play an imperative role to build collaboration among the team to accomplish the objectives decided. An individual can become an effective leader consequently of this personality traits and approval of the team members. I also learned that a leader can be born or developed. I observed that many authors explained that a leader has birth quality wh ile other say that an effective leader is developed by offering him adequate training (Klenke, 2016). Leadership cannot possible in lack of followers (Sanders, 2017). Moreover, I observed that understanding about the leadership can support to improve my personality as well as a leadership style. Additionally, leaders have some characteristics that make different from other and influence to other to follow their instruction such as personality traits, personality traits, knowledge and experience, and formal authority. It is analyzed that, effective leadership is compulsory in a company because the leadership can lead the performance of workforce and inspire them that help to attain specified objectives of an organization (Lussier, et al., 2015). Knowledge of leadership models and theories I created my knowledge about the leadership models and theories. It can be supportive to make a transactional and transformational plan. I will use both transactional and transformational plan to perform the activity in future due to a reliable result. I improved my strength and weakness after the completion of the lecture. It will help to become transparent in the upcoming period. As a leader, I need to constantly learn new factors that can influence the leadership to influence a large number of people. My action plan to meet my upcoming leadership objectives are valid, reliable, measurable, and realistic. I will imply my plan to meet upcoming objective as leaders continuously address my progress by using the comprehensive plan as a structure. In addition, I observed that a transformational leadership tends to concentrate on the culture along with learning experience of persons. The major objective of transferring the priorities of team members is to inspire them to act beyond the expectations of organization or leader. I observed that transactional leadership can support to take a decision in oppose to the transfer of reward for compliance. The transactional leadership helps to take an effective decision about the performance of the individual. It permitted the leader to reward the individual accordance to the performance of team member (Ciulla, 2014).In addition, I also analyzed that a tutor can expect same to the student. In case, a student perform better in the classroom then they will be rewarded otherwise the student will be punished (Johnson, 2017). At the same time, I also analyzed that both of such leadership styles are imperative in my occupation and imply as long as possible. I analyzed that transformational lea ders seek a different style of working (Dinh, et al., 2014). During the lecture, I strived to understand the theories and models of leadership as it concentrates on our capability to direct. The consistently learning about the leadership can permit to learn new thing and contribute their best in the community as well as within the team (Verba, 2015). I also analyzed that the knowledge of leadership can positive impact on the improvement of personality. I gained my understanding of conflict, leadership style, and power that will be effective to meet the goal of team or organization. I also analyzed that the motivation, accommodation, and communication can be effective in the use of transformational leadership. I observed that my strength direct to the logical leadership style and on behalf of my perception the transformational leadership style can be effective to access the individual. Through transformational leadership model, leaders provide different types of services to the employees or team members such as inspirational motivation, individualized consideration, and intellectual stimulation (Frohlich, 2015). I compared my past and current leadership style to measure the difference. I observed that my communication was not good that create the conflict during the communication. I addressed that it was a big issue for me because it resists me to accomplish the specified task of company or team systematically. I also observed that lack of conflict management skills can also a direct impact on the obtained result. Before this class, I was not able to manage the conflict forced me to compromise everyplace. From this lecture, I gained my knowledge about the conflict management and also effectively deal with the unexpected situation. It can be evaluated that leader firstly focus on the group member afterward task but at the same time, a leader has a need to focus on b alancing between individual and task (Tschannen, et al., 2014).In the last of lecture, I completely learned about a balanced approach that will be supportive to improve my leadership skills and become an effective leader in future. Additionally, I observed that each lecture was supportive for me because I improved my personal as well as professional skills beyond my expectation. In the current period, I am capable to handle the people issues along with inspiring them by charisma and rapport. The leadership can be effective in every field for build the team and meet the specified task in less time and cost (Boin, et al., 2016). I strive to gain my knowledge about the capability to lead classes, each team member to meet the common objective at hand. In the group, the aim is to gain learning the materials as is directed by values. I needed to control my time and resources in the management of workplace environment to meet the common goal. As a lender, I tried to bring the organized group due to making robust relationship among team members along with meet the specified goal in the boundaries of organization or team. I also learned that a leader can be accountable for success and failure of any team. Due to this, I will effectively instruct the team and always remember on my short comings. I observed that as a leader confidence and organizational skills can be imperative to meet the task systematically. I also analyzed that daily plan can also be imperative to attain the task. For this, I observed that, in case, a leader make an effective vision to attain the feasible result. I gained my knowledge of the methods that can be effective to easily influence a large number of people in less time and cost. I also gain my knowledge about the self-awareness tools and techniques that will be required to evaluate our personality. Myers-Brigs Type Indicator is an important tool of self-awareness (Chhokar, et al., 2013). Myers-Brigs Type Indicator is self-awareness tool that is based on the approach offered by Carl Jung on behalf of some elements such as feeling, sensation, thoughts, and intuition. This tool is supportive to address the ways by which a person makes a perception about other (Cashman, 2017). Strengths and parts for development During the lecture, I learned about the ways to analyze my personality systematically that was supportive for me to understand good future as well as the weakness of my personality, Additionally, I learned that self-awareness can help to define our personality, dislike and likes, and weakness and strength. The self-awareness can support to recognize at the time of under pressure and stress (Rock, 2014). Moreover, the self-awareness inspires team member as well as a leader to effectively communicate and make a robust interpersonal relation (Miner, 2015). In addition, I also learned about the competencies in an organization or group. It can be significant to improve my human, technical, business, and personal traits of people Green, 2017).This section determines that technical skills are a direct impact on the occupation of people (Northouse, 2017). Along with this, human skills are connected with interaction to individual and personal characteristics are associated with the people, self-esteem, intellectual capacity, and outcome orientation (Grohar, et al., 2016). I also learned that the business skills are associated with the business skills and commercial knowledge. I created my knowledge regarding the values that define the individual capabilities are important as individual live their lives. SWOT analysis can be used to analyze the internal characteristics of a person due to improving the personality and mitigate the weakness systematically. I learned about two kinds of leadership problems e.g. improve the emotional intelligence and pronunciation issues that are discovered from the self-awareness techniques. The leadership skills needed to be improved: explain the thought with actual pronunciation and developing emotional intelligence (Day, et al., 2014). Suggestions of cultural and social background on leadership style I gained my knowledge about different religious, cultural ground, and family to influence the other and also meet the specified task without any conflict. From the lecture, I understood that a team member should gain their knowledge about the leadership styles, communication ways, and way of presentation due to avoiding the misunderstanding issues within the group. Additionally, I also analyzed that knowledge about such cultural elements can enable the team member to meet the task of an organization in less time and cost. I also learned that a leader can assist the team member to communicate with each other without biases of cultural difference. I also observed that each individual of the group can be different leadership style that can be adopted on behalf of their education and genetic personality. I also analyzed that a hierarchy structure can be effective in an organization due to each level of member involvement in the decision making. In addition, I observed that an effective l eader cannot be known by any possession they are identified by their work. An effective leader can be capable to inspire other as well as communicating in an effective manner (Cameron, et al., 2014). I also analyzed that a leader can also be capable to eliminate the communication barrier to fosters cooperation and attain the competitive benefit. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that a leader should be aware of the leadership style because of motivating a large number of people in less time and cost. It can also be summarized that the knowledge about the values can also be crucial to attain the objective of an organization. Finally, it can be concluded that MBIT and Swot analysis can be appropriate self-awareness tool that will support to analyze the own behavior of the individual. References Boin, A., Stern, E., Sundelius, B. (2016)The politics of crisis management: Public leadership under pressure,USA: Cambridge University Press. Cameron, K. S., Quinn, R. E., DeGraff, J., Thakor, A. V. (2014)Competing values leadership,USA: Edward Elgar Publishing. Cashman, K. (2017)Leadership from the inside out: Becoming a leader for life, USA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Chhokar, J. S., Brodbeck, F. C., House, R. J. (Eds.). (2013)Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies,UK: Routledge. Ciulla, J. B. (Ed.). (2014)Ethics, the heart of leadership, USA: ABC-CLIO. Day, D. V., Fleenor, J. W., Atwater, L. E., Sturm, R. E., McKee, R. A. (2014) Advances in leader and leadership development: A review of 25years of research and theory,The Leadership Quarterly,25(1), pp. 63-82. Dinh, J. E., Lord, R. G., Gardner, W. L., Meuser, J. D., Liden, R. C., Hu, J. (2014) Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives,The Leadership Quarterly,25(1), 36-62. Frohlich, N., Oppenheimer, J. A. (2015)Political leadership and collective goods, USA: Princeton University Press. Green, R. L. (2017) The four dimensions of principal leadership: A framework for leading 21st-century schools,USA: Pearson. Grohar-Murray, M. E., DiCroce, H. R., Langan, J. C. (2016) Leadership and management in nursing, USA: Pearson. Johnson, C. E. (2017)Meeting the ethical challenges of leadership: Casting light or shadow, USA: Sage Publications. Klenke, K. (Ed.). (2016)Qualitative research in the study of leadership, USA: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Lussier, R. N., Achua, C. F. (2015)Leadership: Theory, application, skill development, USA: Nelson Education. Miner, J. B. (2015)Organizational Behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. UK: Routledge. Northouse, P. G. (2017)Introduction to leadership: Concepts and practice, USA: Sage Publications. Rock, D. (2014)Quiet leadership, USA: HarperCollins e-books. Sanders, J. O. (2017)Spiritual leadership: Principles of excellence for every believer,USA: Moody Publishers. Shapiro, J. P., Stefkovich, J. A. (2016)Ethical leadership and decision making in education: Applying theoretical perspectives to complex dilemmas,USA: Routledge. Tschannen-Moran, M. (2014) Trust matters: Leadership for successful schools, USA: John Wiley Sons. Verba, S. (2015)Small groups and political behavior: A study of leadership, USA: Princeton University Press.

Network Recommendation for Fictional Company an Example of the Topic Business Essays by

Network Recommendation for Fictional Company by Expert Jayjay1 | 15 Dec 2016 Introduction. The Bead Bar is an arts and design oriented company that enables its customers to design and make their own clothing and accessories with appliqus, beads, strings, and fabrics. There currently exist three pisions in the company spread throughout the United States: seven studios, six franchises, and the Bead Bar on Board which is a portable Bead Bar designed for cruise ships. The Bead Bar has outgrown its paper-based system and is in need of an upgrade in todays technology; the poor efficiency of the Bead Bars present system limits potential growth opportunities in todays global business market. (Malaga, 2005). Need essay sample on "Network Recommendation for Fictional Company" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Systems in information technology all for globalization and solve most of the problems prevalent with paper-based systems including lost orders, invoicing errors, and order fulfillment delays. The Bead Bar's information technology needs include the initialization of business website, information sharing between locations, and data confidentiality and security; this means the Bead Bar is in need of a strong networking system which is vital for internal and external communications. : I'm not in the mood to write my paper online. I don't have the time Professional writers advise: Get Your Essay Before The Deadline Background. Computers are essential to the daily operations of a growing company such as the Bead Bar with the continuous processing of orders and the various benefits offered to the accounting professionals. While the Bead Bar seems capable of meeting its current expectations, the paper-based system has posed problems for the company; as management now believes that the Bead Bar brand no longer generates customer assurance. Problems are most evident are; the loss of orders, vague inventory status, shipment delays, and inaccurate customer information. Along with the problem of running the company with a paper-based system, employee concerns support further reasons for a new system. The limited amount of computers caused the added expense of outsourcing work. There is currently no direct communication link from Bead Bars headquarters to its branch locations, or its employees at-sea. These problems are clear reasons why the employees of the Bead Bar require up-to-date client information, and accuracy in shipping schedules for their stores and customers. Recommendations were made by consultants to purchase computer hardware, software, and database management systems. Currently, there are 2 notebook computers, 14 printers and 14 personal computers. The personal computers are equipped with standard keyboards. 17 CRT monitors, printers 2.8 MHz processor, 512.8 MB of RAM, CD-RW drives, and 80 GB hard drives. Each of the computers uses the Microsoft Windows XP Professional operating system. The Microsoft Office Productivity Suite was acquired for employees to do word processing, organize presentations, and spreadsheets. Some employees insist upon one having access to Adobe PageMaker, QuickBooks, Interact Commerce Corporations Act! The Bead Bar operates on Oracle 9i database, which is a project database management system, intended to deal with the growing needs of the Bead Bar. As time moves forward, they are looking to arrange their records accurately through a network so their database can operate to its full capability. Recommendation overview. In order to operate a well-organized business, it is essential for the Bead Bar to have a mesh topology. The mesh topology would work well for the Bead Bar since this type of networking system is extremely consistent, and communicates information quick and efficiently. This particular layout would focus on the trepidations of the executives, and since the Bead Bar is spread throughout the United States, its going to be cost-effective. Network Topology. The mesh topology would be the best fit for the Bead Bar. The Bead Bar has several offices throughout the United States and the mesh topology would afford a way for the franchise locations to communicate back and forth. The mesh network is perfect for a business that will have several system links. This network is highly dependable because there is no hub needed. The Bead Bar articulated clear apprehension about how fast data would travel between locations, so a mesh network would without doubt attend to this interest. This network runs well because each node connects directly to the other. Architecture. The Bar must have a client-server architecture set up to facilitate their network. The client-server allocates computers, grant services, process requests, and act as a client. The server is an extremely powerful computer that is set up to handle multiple demands at the same time. The server is an indispensable source of memory, because it can function as a main foundation of all information storage that is pertinent to the operation of the Bead Bar. The server should be set up to share consumer data, and act as an effective storage unit. The client-server network architecture would prove to be more beneficial to the executives of the Bead Bar, thus proving useful for the Bead Bar. Some executives would want to transmit communication to the various branches of the company. There are some materials that the executives would like to keep them secret and maintain full control of the main source of data. All computers do not have to act as clients and servers based on the fact that there is no need for every employee to have access to company data. The significance of the company data would be sealed with the client-server network. Network Advantages and drawbacks. In order to meet the needs of Bead Bar and its various locations, a strong and consistent networking system is needed. The mesh topology is perfect for businesses with various locations because of the speed and competence of the network. The company would always want to see that all computers associates with each other and the mesh network do fit that criterion. The server that is set up in this topology does not act as a hub, which in turn helps with the speed and success of transmissions. The mesh topology is the most cost-efficient topology that would meet the needs of the Bead Bar. The mesh topology is a good fit for the Bead Bar. Nevertheless, the topology has its own drawbacks in that, it is requires more cables than any other LAN topologies, and it also has complications when it comes to implementation. The client-server design can be clarified as a pisive networking decision because it would regulate ease of access to company data. This proposal is based on compelling points made by the companys stakeholders in respect to some possible security concerns that could affect the confidentiality of the company data. Some employees feel they should have access to all company data but that is not necessary. If a Bead Bar studio or franchise requires documents they do not have access to, they can send a request through the proper channels. The client-server database is suggested to protect the company overall. Conclusion. Based on all networking recommendations that have been made, the Bead Bar will be able to run their business more proficiently. With suitable networking, now the database can function accurately. This will help the business to grow as a direct result of an increased exchange of ideas because of the networking topology and architecture. References Bead Bar Network Paper. Anti Essays. Retrieved September 30, 2008, from the World Wide Web: http://www.antiessays.com/free-essays/14861.html Bead Bar Systems Development. Freeonlineresearchpapers. Retrieved from World Wide Web: http://www.freeonlineresearchpapers.com/bead-bar-technology-requirements Chocolate Grey. Journal of a chocolate, a grey haired student. Retrieved from August 24, 2008, from World Wide Web: http://deanguelo.blogs.com/chocolateblog/2008/08/bead-bar-networ.html Rose A. Malaga. Information systems technology. New Jersey: Pearson Education.

Essay on The art of graffit

Essay on The art of graffit Essay on The art of graffit The Art of Graffiti "Graffiti has been around since man encountered his first stone wall" (George 11). I think it is important for people to recognize this long lasting art’s positive impact on society. Especially for someone living in a big city like Chicago, where graffiti has been popular for almost three decades, it is unrealistic to think it can be avoided (Bisnett 1) . Growing up in Chicago, I have come across multiple types of street art. Whether I’m using public transportation or just walking down the street, my day is inspired by the creative works of art I encounter. In this paper I argue graffiti, which consists of street art and murals, to be art because it draws emotion, expresses artistic skill, and follows aesthetic as well as organizational principles. However, I would not consider every piece of graffiti to be art. For graffiti to be considered art it has to draw emotion. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, one definition of art is, â€Å"the expression or application of creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as a painting, drawing, or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power† (Art 1). Any painting or drawing that has meaning and afflicts emotion is considered art. This applies to graffiti, especially murals, because they usually have a purpose and meaning that draws out emotion. Another example of how graffiti draws emotion is from a quote in the piece "Tags" from Hip Hop America by Nelson George, which talks about a group of people called â€Å"taggers† and how graffiti was incorporated into their lives. George states â€Å"Graffiti was the voice of kids using spray paint and Magic Markers to scream for attention and make art† (12). People used their art to express whatever emotions they were feeling inside in order to be heard by other people. It seems to be that this was a lifestyle activity for many. Whatever emotions someone was feeling at that point in life  ­ whether it be anger, frustration, or passion  ­ they were able to express it to the world through the art of graffiti. Another example from the story of â€Å"Tags† comes from a young entrepreneur ­artist, Fred Braithwaite. Braithwaite got together graffiti artists to work in the downtown art scene, and then conjoined them with the punk rock club scene. In â€Å"Tags† it states, â€Å"his point was that this living, aggressive art was a perfect fit with the same anti establishment attitudes that ruled at punk landmarks like CBGB† (George 12). Just by describing graffiti as a living, aggressive art shows that it brought out some type of emotion and connection. Braithwaite compares graffiti to punk landmarks, which I think both had emotional effects on people. Another example of how graffiti draws emotion is from an article by the Chicago Tribune called "Art Of The City Tells City's Tale" by Phat X. Chiem. Chiem states, â€Å"Graffiti, along with rap music, breakdancing and deejaying, or spinning records, has always served as an expression of hip ­hop culture† (2). Graffiti is one type of device used to express culture, more specifically in the case, hip ­hop culture. Once graffiti was able to express hip ­hop culture, it actually became an important element of the culture. Being an important element, graffiti enhanced meaning and emotion to anyone who connected to the hip ­hop culture. The fact that graffiti is able to express this type of emotion is one of the main reasons it is considered an art. Not only is graffiti art because it draws emotion, it can also be considered art because it demonstrates skill. According to the Oxford English dictionary, another definition for the word art is, â€Å"a skill on doing something, especially as the result of knowledge or practice† (Art 127). In order for something to be considered art, the piece must show it requires skill. Not everyone can paint beautiful murals. It is something one has to acquire that comes

Capstone Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Capstone - Research Paper Example Hence, the study is aimed at assessing the role of innovation in increasing the profitability level of travel and tourism industry in the UAE. In relation to this study, data would be collected with the help of accessing primary sources by the conduct of questionnaire survey and secondary sources comprising books and journals among others. Moreover, findings would be analyzed with the help of qualitative analysis tool of regression, which would be helpful to arrive at definite outcomes. In this globalization and technology driven era, the national economy of several countries is developing rapidly. With this concern, it is to be affirmed that the advent of globalization has certainly enhanced the travel and tourism industry in the global domain (Decelle, 2004). Thus, it can be inferred that after the imposition of globalization, the aforesaid industry has certainly become one of the most vital pillars of the economic development of the nations. There lay several countries whose economy mainly relies upon the travel and tourism industry. In this regard, United Arab Emirates (UAE) is recognized to be one of the most popular countries wherein such industry plays a decisive part in developing its economic position as per the desired level (OECD, 2006). With this concern, the research paper intends to analyze the role of innovation in increasing the profitability level of UAEs travel and tourism industry. While analyzing the above stated subject matter of the study, an attempt has been made to establish the relationship persisting amid innovation and profitability of the industry within the nation. The economic and social conditions of the UAE are undergoing huge transformations from the past few years. The strong economy of this nation is highly depending upon two different sectors such as oil and Tourism industry. It has been apparently observed that every year the

The Puritans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Puritans - Essay Example On September 6, 1620, the Mayflower, a sailing vessel, started her "memorable voyage from Plymouth, England, with about 100 pilgrims aboard, bound for Virginia to establish a private permanent colony in North America." (Roark, et al, 2007). Arriving on November 21, at what is now Provincetown, Massachusetts, 41 of them signed the famous Mayflower Compact. "A small detail of the pilgrims, led by William Bradford, assigned to select a place for permanent settlement, landed at what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts, on December 21." (Roark et al; 2007).The text of the document read: "We, having undertaken for advancement of the Christian faith and the Honour of our King and Country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia, docovenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid, andenact, constitute and frame such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions an d Officesas shall be thought most meet and convenient for the General good of the Colony into which we promise all due Submission and Obedience" (Roark, et al; 2007)Shortly before Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629, "many Puritans formed the Massachusetts Bay Colony and were granted a charter for colonization in New England". (Roark, et al; 2007; pp 77-101). In 1630 this group sailed for the New World, with elected governor John Winthrop to lead them. Aboard the ship Arbella, "Winthrop delivered a sermon to his followers about the significance of their journey and their duty as settlers to follow a righteous path and to adhere strictly to God's laws" (Roark, et al; 2007). He and his followers "established settlements around Boston in 1630." Unlike the Virginia colonists, "most migrants to New England were farmers or tradesmen of middle-class origin whocame as part of a family" (Roark, et al; 2007). Their "family ties reinforced their religious beliefs through interlocking instit utions of family, church and community". Unlike their Chesapeake counterparts, New Englanders did not scatter across the land, but settled in numerous small towns located either on the coast or along a river. (Roark, et al; 2007) "The townspeople's strong pietyenforced remarkable religious and social conformity in the communities. The word of God-not elaborate ceremony--- was the focus of Puritan services; and Puritans considered 'church' to be not the building in which they worshipped but the men and women who entered into a solemn covenant with each other and with God to lead a holy and righteous life." (Roark, et al; 2007). Since Puritans were Calvinists, "they believed Christians must discipline their behavior to conform strictly to their religious ideas. Calvinism also preached the doctrine of predestination whereby individuals were either saved or damned according to God's predetermined choice; and their covenant required the disciplining of the entire community; church member s were to observe the behavior of other members and report any transgressions to church elders whose job it was to punish violators of the community's covenant. The church had no direct role in civil government; however, "the Puritans believed that government was ultimately subordinate to the church". They sought to make public life fully conform to their view of God's law, "expecting strict observance of the Sabbath, refusing to celebrate Christmas and Easter, and censuring games of chance, music and dancing, among other things" (Roark, et al; 2007) The Puritans "created a civil government that was governed by Puritans for Puritanism; the leading officials in towns of the Colony were the 'freemen' who had to be male church members; they could vote for governor, deputy governor and other colonial officials. When the number of 'freemen' became too large to meet conveniently, each town agreed to send two deputies to the General Court to act as the Colony's legislative body".

Stress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Stress - Essay Example Victims of terrorism are the most affected. They experience trauma for periods of time depending on the levels of shock. There are different types of victims, there are those who lose loved ones, those who witness the terror attack, those who survive the terror attack and those who hear about it first hand from close people. For example, in the September 2001 attack on the USA. Al Qaeda and Bin Laden attacks in the past have rendered so many afraid. The security system of the United States celebrates the death of Osama Bin Laden but however cannot forget the almost ten different attacks on their citizens and the many deaths caused by terrorists mostly of the Jihad culture. According to the USA security system, over seventy terror related reports were identified in a year in 2001. Many studies in the colleges and universities on terrorism and communication have in the recent past began. Post-traumatic stress has been common for the ones who lost loved ones. They experience a dis-attachment to the real world. According to Fields, the victims of terror experience a great feeling of loss. Some may feel guilty as to why they survived the 2001 terror attack. The incidents that happened recur in their minds and they are afraid that such an ordeal could happen again. The most common effect is isolation. It is easier for victims to isolate themselves from others; remain in the house or in familiar surroundings only. On the other hand, traumatic stress is characterized with the reluctance to express oneself. More so for the ones who witnessed a terror ordeal, they are withdrawn and they require guidance and therapy to overcome stress and trauma. The cost of living has in the past drastically changed. Each year, the cost of living keeps fluctuating. However, one thing is certain, life has become more expensive now than in the pats. There are more bills to pay and more that takes away

History Of Conducting Polymers Engineering Essay

History Of Conducting Polymers Engineering Essay Dr H. Letheby was the one to first initiate the study of conducting polymers, who was a known professor teaching at the College of London Hospital. In 1862, he first attempted to analyze the behaviors of the chemical reaction and to select them accordingly. His study of electropolymerized aniline sulfate was published in the Journal of the Chemical Society. The results showed the aniline sulphate turning to a bluish black solid layer, formed on a platinum electrode after its electropolymerization (1). It was between 1907 and 1911 that the Nobel Laureate Richard Willstatter characterized the oligomeric oxidation products of aniline through his methodic way of research (2). By using a starter Al(Et)3/Ti(OPr)4, the polymerization of acetylene in hexane rendered a polyacetylene for the first time in 1958 in the form of a polymer with a highly crystalline and a heavy molecular weight produced by Natta et al. The method did not attract any attention owing to the highly air sensitive, infusible and the insoluble properties of the compound obtained(3). The concept of iodine doping was established in the same time period of 1960s by the Czechoslovak researchers for polyaniline. This resulted in the conductivity of 1 S/cm for Polyaniline-iodine complexes. The attention of researchers was diverted towards organic conductors, in spite of the discovery of the inorganic explosive polysulfurnitride (SN)x in the 1970s, with its additional properties of conductivity at low temperatures. A silvery film of polyacetylene was created in 1974 by the usage of Ziegler-Natta catalyst which was not conductive although it was found to be the closest to metals in terms of appearance (5). The electronic conductivity of polyaniline was reaffirmed in 1974, a few years before the publishing of the polyacetylenes progress. The paper demonstrated interesting results of a parallel study with another conductive polymer also known as polypyrrole. The conductivity obtained was ranging from 5 to 30 S/cm (6). One of the important moments was the publishing of the doped polyacetylene in 1977. The modification of the polyacetylene film via a partial oxidation treatment with the oxidizing agents such as the halogens and the AsF5 was obtained by MacDiarmid, Shirakawa and Heeger which resulted in the film becoming conductive (5). Molecular Orbital and Molecular Structure of Conducting Polymers All the valence electrons are utilized in covalent ÏÆ'-bonds of the saturated polymers such as polyethylene. The material will show typical insulating properties owing to the gap between the valance band and the conduction band. Along the polymers supporting structure, a Ï€ system is formed in the conjugated polymers (8). A restricted alternation of double and single bonds is required in the conjugated bonds which is also apparent in the conducting polymers structure. The carbon atoms create 3 ÏÆ'-bonds with the adjacent atoms and the remaining p orbitals which is also explained as the pz orbitals. Nitrogen atoms are found to be involved in the conjugation path such as the polyaniline in some of the conjugated polymers (11). High energy orbitals are created as a result of this configuration in which the electrons are loosely bonded to their respective atoms. The conducting, semiconducting or the insulating properties of the material are determined by the distance lying between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and LUMO( the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital). The carrier movement or the jump from the HOMO to the LUMO creates the conduction mechanism. This becomes convenient if the distance between the HUMO and the LUMO energy is small. The sp2 hybridized linear carbon chains partially determines the conductivity of polyacetylene, which is the simplest form of semiconducting and metallic organic polymer. Six electrons are present outside the nucleus of the carbon atom, out of which 4 are valence electrons such as 2s and the 2p electrons, which takes part in the chemical bonds. The 1s and 2s orbitals of the carbon atoms are filled and the 2p orbitals are filled as well with 2 electrons in case of free space or where there is an existence of spherically symmetric distances. The creation of 3 sp2 and 1 p orbital is the result of hybridization. The bonding of 2 out of 3 sp2 orbitals on each carbon atom to another carbon atom adjacent to it and the bonding of last sp2 orbital with hydrogen or any of the side groups is the result. Covalent bonds are created between these atoms which in this case is referred to as ÏÆ' bond. It has a cylindrical symmetry around the internuclear axis. A Ï€ bond [10] is formed by the over lapping of unhybridized p orbitals of the adjacent carbon atoms. The fig 2.1 shows both the ÏÆ' and Ï€ bonds in the conjugated polymer structure. There is weak interaction between them creating weak bonds of the Ï€ electrons which exposes them to the risks of delocalization thus causing electrical conductivity of the polymer (10). According to Hà ¼nkel and Blochs simple free electron molecular orbital model theory, in case of a lengthy molecular chain showing metallic transport properties, the delocalization of Ï€ electrons over the entire chain forming a small band gap is seen. A conjugated polymer which has an alternation of double and single bonds, as a result, can be conductive in the right conditions. The delocalized electrons over the conjugated space are evenly distributed creating equivalent bonds (12). Differing bonding lengths of 1.54 nm, double bond: 1.34 nm) [9] are observed under simple conditions. The alternation of double and single bonds can also be observed. A typical conducting polymer matches an insulator in conductive properties without the need of doping or the orbitals being filled with electrically conductive particles. The transformation of the conductivity of a conjugated polymer from the insulating level to the conducting level is seen through the doping process. By the process of electrochemical oxidation and reduction doping can be obtained or it can also be attained by the direct exposure of the polymer to a doping material. Atomic or molecular species have been used as dopants which are either electron acceptors such as I2, Br2, AsF5, and LiClO4 or electron donors like Li, Na, and K (9, 10). 2.3. Conductor, Semiconductor and Insulator Solids such as metals have continuous orbitals. The electrons which are nearest to the filled levels can be excited and therefore move to the unoccupied levels without the requirement of any energy. As the temperatures increase the metals lose their conductivity in spite of the electrons being more excited. The electrons and the atoms colliding with each other result in the thermal motion of the atoms. The electrons lose their efficiency in transporting charges owing to the collisions. An energy gap separates the bands for transporting charges in semiconductors and insulators. Certain electrons gain enough energy as the temperature is increased, to move into the next unoccupied orbital. The metal becomes a semiconductor as the electrons are now mobile and create the electrical conductivity of the metal. In case of a large energy gap, the electrons may never be able to reach the conductive bands that will result in zero conductivity, such types of materials are known as insulators. Wh ile in semiconductor metals, the increase in the temperatures will also increase the conductivity as more electrons have the ability to reach the valence bands. 2.4Conductivity Mechanism High electron affiliation or low oxidation potentials are the characteristics of conducting polymers. This means that the polymers can be reduced and doped with electrons donors (n-type) and also have the potential to be oxidized and doped with electron acceptors (p-type). The HOMO-LUMO energy gap which has the semiconductor property of conjugated polymers as compared to conventional inorganic compounds, are owing to the additional charges associated to the creation of new and unfilled electronic energy states existing within the original HOMO-LUMO energy gap. A dopants role is either the removal or the addition of electrons. For instance in the case of iodine (I2) an electron will be taken for the formation of I3 ion. If the relocation of an electron in a semi conductor polymer by moving the electron from top most valence band such as the polyacetylene or polypyrrole, then as per the classical band theory, the creation of the vacancy hole as such will not be delocalized. A radical cation would be obtained in the case of the removal of an electron from a carbon atom. Owing to the Columbo attraction to its opposite ion (I3- ), the localization of the radical cation also known as the polaron takes place which in normal cases would be considered as having low mobility. This would be due to the local change in the geometrys equilibrium of the radical cation to the neutral molecule. The charge is moved along as shown in the fig 2.5 while the mobility of the polaron along the polyacetylene chain may be high. But a high concentration of opposite ions is necessary as the opposite ion (I3 -) to the positive charge is not very mobile, so that the polaron can move in the field of close opposite ions. The polymer which are mobile enough to conduct electric charges have the dopants generate polarons and bipolarons. The ionization of the conjugated polymer chain to a positive polaron (radical cation) is done by the dopants which is taken as an electron acceptor. These will further emerge as bipolarons or in some cases the two polarons may reversibly combine to create a bipolaron (16). Owing to its highly disordered structure the PPy can be given as an example for bipolaron formation. The formation of a bipolaron happens when two polarons are created on one similar chain (see fig 2.5)(17). 3.Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) 3.1. Introduction of PEDOT The research in 1967 indicates polythiophenes for the first time as a potential conducting polymers. Furan, pyrrole, and thiophene heterocycles acids catalyzed polymerization was studied by A. G. Davies. In 1982, Tourillon and Garnier first observed true electronic conductivity in polythiophenes. In the presence of perchlorate or tetrafluoroborate opposite ions, Thiophene was electropolymerized on platinum electrodes in acetonitrile. A conductivity of 10-100 S/cm was obtained in spite of the fact that highly conductive polythiophenes were possible from the start with Garnier and Tourillons fundamental work. It has gained long term stability against air and humidity while it failed to fulfill one of the requirements expected of as a truly conductive polymer not as a semiconductor. In 1930s was initiated the EDOT (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) chemistry when the corresponding 2, 5-dicarboxylic acid esters were synthesized. Thus biheterocyclic EDOT system consisting of one 1, 4-dioxane r ing and one thiophene moiety was explained which was annelated over the carbon single ([c]-) bond of the thiophene. The good chemical properties, high conductivity and good electro optical properties, the PEDOT has emerged as a promising compound (22). It has been used as an antistatic coating, photovoltaic technology, electroluminescent devices and biomedical sensors, etc (23). Electrochemical polymerization of PEDOT PEDOT was fabricated for the first time by Jonas et al (24) through anodical polymerization where the products showed high conductivity with enhanced chemical and thermal stability as compared to other polythiophenes. The polymerization occurs at the electrode in an electrochemical oxidative polymerization of a monomeric precursor of the conductive polymer. The ionic dopants in the process of polymerization, forming the electrolyte are induced in the polymer (25). The electrochemical polymerization is utilized in the case of EDOT monomer to create highly transmissive sky-blue, doped PEDOT film at the anode. The compatibility provided by the broad range of electrolyte solutions creates high stability of PEDOT films in different electrolyte solutions(26) Flexible PEDOT films were obtained, by Yamato et al in the presence of polyanions in the electrolyte solution, with an electrical conductivity as high as 400 S/cm. Several electrolytes were used in this research such as sulfonated poly (ÃŽ ²-hydroxy-ethers) (S-PHE), 1,3 bis(4-t-butylphenoxy)-2-propysulfate (BPS), poly (4-styrene sulfonate) (PSS), sulfated poly (ÃŽ ²-hydroxy-ethers) having trifluoromethyl groups (S-PHEF), sulfonated poly (ÃŽ ²-hydroxy-ethers) (S-PHE) and sulfonated poly (butadiene). However PEDOT film was deposited on the anode, in the presence of S-HPE, S-PBD and S-PHEF electrolytes. Numerous advantages are present in the electropolymerization technique such as: Materials required in small quantities. Characterizations and speedy analysis. Control of reactions is accurate. While the disadvantages are: In convenience in conducting standard analytical procedures owing to the small quantity of resultant with insoluble property. The electrical conductivity can be increased to a large extent through the electrochemical polymerization while the product obtained has poor transparency and the process must be applied on conducting substrates which will restrict the application purposes (28). 3.2.2 Oxidative chemical polymerization The deposition of a conjugated polymer by in situ oxidative polymerization on the surface is seen. Electrochemical polymerization has limited applications as compared to the chemical oxidation, which is more versatile. By coating the surface with a mixture of monomer and oxidant, chemical oxidation can be carried out with a mixture of the monomer and an oxidant where it enables the spreading of the mixture onto the surface first, owing to the suppression of the spontaneous reaction. These mixtures will have flexibility in their designing of the coating process with the separate application of the monomer and oxidant. These mixtures have a restricted pot life (29). A PEDOT with black, insoluble and infusible properties is obtained with the utilization of oxidizing agents such as the FeCl3 in the oxidative chemical polymerization (21). De Leeuw et al. [20 used iron(III) tosylate (FeIII(OTs)3) as oxidizing agents in the presence of imidazole as a base leading to the conductivity of PEDOT of 550 S/cm.(30). The classification of the reaction of EDOT with Iron (III) tosylate leading to in situ polymerization of PEDOT by Kirchmeyer and Reuter (31) into two categories were as: The monomer subjected to Oxidative polymerization to form neutral polythiophene. The neutral polymer subjected to oxidative doping to conductive polycation. The addition of Lewis acids or protic acids to the polymerization system will cause catalysis of the equilibrium reaction of EDOT to the relevant dimeric and trimeric compounds in the absence of further oxidation, (see fig 2.9)(31). Vapor Phase Polymerization Mohammadi et al(32) did the initial experiments named as Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) process for polypyrrole polymerization. The oxidants used were FeCl3 and H2O2. In 2003 to 2005, J Kim et al first attempted to establish a new route for the highly conductive PEDOT layers with the process of vapor phase polymerization (VPP) (24). The evaporation of the EDOT and its polymerization on the substrate were done in the polymerization chamber where the deposition of the oxidant iron(III)-tosylate was found by bubbling the various types of gases like nitrogen, air and argon through the EDOT reservoir. FeIII tosylate was used as an oxidant and pyridine as a base-inhibitor, through the VPP process. By using oxidant, e.g., a butanol or ethanol solution of FeIII tosylate mixed with pyridine, the substrate coated with PEDOT film was covered. In a chamber flushed with air, nitrogen or argon gas, the EDOT monomers were heated into vapor phase. The polymerization process began and formed the PED OT coating, once they react with oxidizing agents on the substrates. To prove the concept of using a base inhibitor, pyridine, Winther-Jensen et al conducted the experiments. The compound was applied to PET and Pt coated PET substrates after mixing the ferric tosylate solution with pyridine in the respective molar ratio of 1:0.5. Winther et al investigated some of the liquids such as pyridine, pyrazine and quinoline. The materials and Fe (II) were void of any sort of crystal formation. The VPP of EDOT was best suited to pyridine (pKa 5.14, boiling point 115 C °) as the base, owing to quinolines low vapor pressure and the insufficient base characteristic of pyrazine [24]. Winther-Jensen et al measured the conductivity of PEDOT films as a function of temperature. A similar behavior as the semi conductors was observed as with the increase in temperature on which the conductivity also increased. Winther-Jensen et al studied the stability of conductive PEDOT layers in air and aqueous solutions. The creation of PEDOT layer on glass substrates was conducted in this experiment, and the examination carried out in the environments mentioned earlier. Till the constant point a speedy reduction in the water conductivity was seen. A slow paced decrease in the conductivity of air as compared to the water environment was observed. The pH level determines the conductivity of PEDOT. Lower pH values resulted in highest conductivities. The products acidity was observed in the range of pH 1, during the base inhibited VPP of EDOT. In water of pH7 the long term stability is lower as compared to air which takes more time to reach equilibrium with carbon dioxide (34). There is no aqueous transport medium in VPP process. During the PEDOT layer formation no agglomeration was seen. The need for dispersants and stabilizer additives is negated in high processability. The process of polymerization is fast and simple (35).

Comparing Religious Archetypes in Moby Dick, Billy Budd, and Bartleby t

Religious Archetypes in Moby Dick, Billy Budd, and Bartleby the Scrivener        Ã‚   Herman Melville's use of Biblical overtones gives extra dimensions to his works.   Themes in his stories parallel those in the Bible to teach about good and evil.   Melville emphasizes his characters' qualities by drawing allusions, and in doing so makes them appear larger than life.   In the same way that the Bible teaches lessons about life, Herman Melville's stories teach lessons about the light and dark sides of human nature.   He places his readers in situations that force them to identify with right or wrong choices.   In Moby Dick, Billy Budd, and "Bartleby the Scrivener," Melville encourages his readers to learn from his explanations of human nature and strive for a better society.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Melville's Moby Dick is the saga of a whaling voyage gone awry when the Pequod's Captain Ahab leads his crew, not to hunt for profit, but to hunt the White Whale who took one of his legs.   Captain Ahab's idolatrous relationship with the White Whale, Moby Dick, parallels King Ahab's idol worship.   Captain Ahab represents all idolaters.   His obsession approaches Biblical proportions.   In First Kings in the Old Testament, King Ahab, who is "weak-willed" (Hertz 699), is controlled and influenced by his wife Jezebel.   He neglects his responsibility as King of the Israelites, and leads his people astray to the worship of Baal.   In doing so, he breaks the Second Commandment: "thou shalt have no other gods" (Hertz 295).   Similarly, Captain Ahab leads his crew away from their job as whalers.   As Mr. Starbuck says, "I came here to hunt whales, not my commander's vengeance"(Moby 162).   Led by feelings of revenge and anger, Ahab uses the crew to search for his G... ...   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   152. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 17.   Detroit, 153. Michigan.: Gale Research Company, 1985. Gardner, John.   "'Bartleby': Art and Social Commitment," in Philological   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Quarterly, Vol.   XLIII, No. 1, January 1964, pp.   87-88.  Ã‚   Rpt. in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 17.   Detroit, Michigan.: Gale Research Company, 1985. Hertz, J.H., ed.   Pentateuch and Haftorahs.   London: The Soncino Press, 1960. Melville, Herman.   "Bartleby the Scrivener."   Rpt. in Billy Budd and Other Tales.   New York: The New American Library, 1961. _____. Billy Budd.   Rpt. in Billy Budd and Other Tales.   New York: The New American Library, 1961. _____. Moby Dick. New York: Random House, Inc., 1950. The New English Bible.   "Matthew 25: 40-41."   Oxford: Oxford University Press and Cambridge University Press, 1970.